The Debate Over Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples

The Debate Over Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples Where to Find Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples The use of bones is to give structural support to the body, while the function of scales is to offer external covering to the body. It's happening constantly in our entire body and there are two kinds, anabolic and catabolic. The medical industry utilizes anatomy and physiology to make sure medical professionalism. There is likewise the topic on surgeries. Thus you can write the conditions on a single section of the card and then set the definition on the opposite side. You do not have to be concerned about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. Any online search will reveal various data about this exact real mental wellness issue. An individual have to look at anatomy utilizing micro information. Certification can definitely improve the possibility of a work offer, and most employers will most likely require certification f or a state of employment. In the next ten years, nursing and wellness information management vacancies will double. Medical records specialists are accountable for retrieving, storing and transferring medical records through the health care facility and at times outside the standard borders. For instance, in the region of diagnostic tests, there is what's called an ECG test. The Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples Cover Up In the event of aquaculture, egg incubation is done in order to maintain suitable oxygen levels, nitrogen compounds and pH levels, together with temperature levels. A youthful fish is regarded to be a fry for the very first couple of months of its development from a larva. Such structure are found in the event of salmonids. The urinary system includes the kidneys. How to earn presentation personal. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. In addition, we control various forms of academic essay. How to compose an essay pr oposal. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples Is Wrong Even distance and internet Human Anatomy and Physiology courses are more expensive than $500. Medical programs adopt anatomy and physiology in their curriculum to supply the basic basics of the body. Please refer to the most recent NCLEX review books for the most recent updates in nursing. The Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples Cover Up However, it's sometimes feasible to mismatch the a variety of blood groups thus producing severe consequences. Briefly describe the procedure for DNA replication (you are responsible just for the degree of detail offered in lecture). Egg Incubation Controlling the environment is necessary for fertilised eggs in order to supply favourable condition for embryo development. Other forms of cells join with each other to form tissues, which perform a function like epithelia for a bigger organ like skin. The Tried and True Method for Anatomy and Phy siology Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail The best method to get ready for the exam is by utilizing HESI practice tests. It's a good idea to develop a routine you may stick to each and every time that you are expected to take a quiz. These subjects are really very tough and to have a thorough grasp needs a lot of repetition. It is intriguing to remember that with the identical quantity of knowledge you can have different result with similar quiz based on your quiz taking skills. Metabolism within the body is an assortment of chemical reactions that happens in the overall body's cells. The motor regions of the brain can be found in the cerebral cortex, more specifically the main motor cortex of the frontal lobe. The respiratory system's most important purpose is to supply the blood with the oxygen it must transport around the body to all the different organs. The primary use of the muscular system, composed of skeletal muscles, is it allows for movement and posture along with produces heat. College curriculums are competitive to be certain that a student learns every facet of the health care field. This is a chance to review a lot of the info presented in this semester. Students may move around the windows to observe the full scenario. What to Do About Anatomy and Physiology Essay Samples Explain the way your body responded to this occasion. Don't understand how that happened! Every portion of the body has some type of function. Health information management functions as the foundation of a healthcare market. It focuses on the global aspect of medical terminology. These systems all play a function in the overall body's function and structure and are crucial for ordinary life. The previous system is the integumental system which contains the hair.

The Effects Of Abortion On Women s Body - 922 Words

Abortion is a personal decision that has been increasing over the years. Many women in the world are procuring this method, most likely if they have experienced rape, unsafe sex or lack knowledge about the consequences of unprotected intimacy. However, there are many side effects a woman receives after having an abortion that could either be temporary or permanent. For instance, many scholars and statistics agree with my statement on how abortion negatively affects a women’s body in many ways and states the consequences this act leads to. In addition, there are a variety of dangerous physical and emotional side effects that a woman receives after having an abortion. Common risks a woman can experience are cervical cancer, infertility and emotional effects like regret or depression. For that reason, women should be more educated about the effects to prevent them form painful experiences and consider adoption or abstinence to avoid the possible side effects abortion can cause. M any scholars and statistics support my statement on how abortion negatively affects the women’s body in many ways and states the consequences this act leads to. Rose Marchick contributes by explaining how abortion affects the women’s body and that with no doubt these side effects of abortion can be harmful to the women. According to the Guttmacher institute, â€Å" Numerous side effects can occur after an abortion though most prove mild, and less than 0.3 percent of abortion patients requireShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Abortion On Women s Body1090 Words   |  5 Pagesalso morally wrong. Abortions also can be very damaging to the human body. Thirteen out of 17 studies in the U.S. reported more breast cancer among women who chose abortion. A 1996 meta-analysis of all published reports on the incidence of induced abortion and breast cancer appearing in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health found, on average, a 30% increased risk. Abortion can destroy lives of many helpless innocent children and even in some states is legal. The women of today age in timeRead MoreShould Females Be The Abortion?1418 Words   |  6 Pageshave an Abortion? Millions are not alive today, because they were never given the chance to be born. Did you know four out of ten pregnancies end in abortion? In the United States, abortion one of the most controversial and most debated topics. According to the Guttmacher Institute, 22 percent of all pregnancies, excluding miscarriages, end in abortion. Abortion is when a woman chooses or is forced to terminate the fetus inside her body. Do you think that a fetus has the right to be in the body of aRead MoreThe Importance Of Abortion1675 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks, emotional effects or even the cost of abortions†¦ do you? Abortion applies to many men and women in the world with records going back to the 1800s. Abortion is done surgically or by an abortion pill which removes the fetus from the uterus before it is born. It can happen at any time during the first trimester of pregnancy, meaning week one through week twelve, or about three months; abortions can also occur during the second trimester , beginning at week thirteen. Abortions may not occur duringRead MoreIs Abortion A Violation Of An Unborn Child s Right? Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesand forming conclusions Abortion has essentially been around since women have, yet this old issue, is still around and being heavily debated. But will allowing women to have an abortion be a violation of an unborn child s life, or is not allowing abortion violating a woman s right to choice, freedom, and control over her body? This is an important issue, as it will affect any foetus at random, and many women. What are the disadvantages of allowing abortion? Some women who are pregnant are notRead MoreAbortion : Choice And Consequences1537 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion: Choice and Consequences The American novelist Ann B. Ross once said, â€Å"I certainly supported a woman s right to choose, but to my mind the time to choose was before, not after the fact.† Abortion by definition is the expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently, which is the reason for abortion to be considered an extremely controversial issue, because in this process the life of a human being is terminated. In actuality, the range of women convinced toRead MoreAbortion Is Beyond Necessary For Mothers1229 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to multiple sources, having the highest level of knowledge, and knowing the physical and mental side effects of abortion is beyond necessary for mothers. Many women suffer from mental instabilities long after their decision to abort. In the article â€Å"The Mental Effects of Abortion,† it states from the narrator when speaking about her friend that â€Å"She told me that not one day had passed that she did not think about her baby and regret her decision. My heart ached for my friend, as she wasRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1592 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual s religious beliefs, yet when the issue is Abortion, that stance is flipped. The debate over abortion rages on despite the supreme court giving women the right to abortion in 1973 with the ruling of Roe v Wade. Looking at both sides objectively, the pro-choice arguments lineup with facts, while the pro-life arguments are either supported by facts yet purposefully misinterpreted, or simply not factual at all. State governments pass laws that regulate abortions and abortion centers allRead MorePicture Of The Holocaust Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages​medical research.​ ​Do​ ​all​ ​of​ ​these ​​points​ ​achieve​ ​reasoning​ ​for​ ​Hitler’s​ ​actions?​ ​Absolutely†‹ ​not.​ ​Neither​ ​do they​ ​justify​ ​the​ ​wrongdoing​ ​taking​ ​place​ ​during​ ​an​ ​abortion. Undoubtedly, Abortion is a modern day atrocity which brutally dismembers the defenseless bodies of over 50 million unborn children each and every year. At the moment of conception, each human being is given its own set of forty-six chromosomes and its own unique DNA. At just five weeks of developmentRead MoreAbortion Is Unsafe And Should Be Illegal1487 Words   |  6 Pagesyour body and you are now struggling to survive and then in one quick snap, it s all over. Your life is done. Your only thought was  ¨mommy, how could you do this to me ¨. Abortion is a horrific experience, that no one should ever endure. I am Pro-Life because of the consequences for mothers, the availability of adoption instead of abortion, and finally the Pro-Life movements in America. First I d like to talk about the consequences for mothers. This is a big reason why I think abortion is unsafeRead MoreMy Lady Parts My Jurisdiction1220 Words   |  5 Pageswoke up and thought, all my friends have had an abortion, I need to get pregnant so I can have one, too. If a woman has an unwanted pregnancy, something has failed her, badly. It might be rape [or incest], it might be a broken condom, it might be bad information on what prevents pregnancy. Or maybe the story about how she had too much to drink and instead of waking up to a hangover, like ever male in history, she woke up pregnant, said American women, Lauren Telesca. Pro-life or pro-choice? On one

Managing Change The Organizational Success

Question: Describe about the Managing Change for The Organizational Success. Answer: Proposal Description of Project Managing critical projects have become an integral part of organizational success, yet the studies suggest that most of the organizations fail to accomplish a project successfully. Based on the survey generated by Senge (2014) by involving a broad range of industries from large-scale to small-scale companies, it is informed that only 2.5% global businesses able to achieve 100% success in their projects while more than 50% of the global organizations fail. The identified fact signifies the important involvement of change management for the modern day organizations. From the basic understanding, change management occurs within a situation where a company has profitably evolved to a more desirable state allowing it to achieve its mission and vision more proficiently. From the context of operations of a company, change is an inevitable factor enabling the business to compete in the respective industry, while eliminating its standstill position or eradicating the backward direction of bus iness (Armstrong, Michael and Stephen Taylor 2014). With the application of the case study of Heinz Australia, it is clearly observed how the company went through the critical transformation process for benefitting the employees and business in general. The useful contribution of a great place to work initiative designed and introduced by Peter Widdows, the newly appointed managing director of Heinz Australia in 2003 has caused a wide range of transformations to the company to achieve exceptional results over the next six years. Based on the diversity in workforce condition of Heinz Australia, it is reflected that a multidimensional workplace cultural model is bestowed to the enormous success achieved by the company over the years. As noted from the case study, the formerly followed punitive culture of organization was drastically affecting the interactions between the employees and their superiors to hamper the overall productivity in the operations. Therefore, the importance of cu ltural change is accounted for bringing greater transformation throughout the business to bestow attainment of apposite results from the chosen set of practices. Modifying an organizations culture is one of most daunting tasks for the leaders because of the process signifies the alteration of an interlocking set of goals, values, roles, responsibilities, processes, communication practices, assumptions, and attitudes (Senge 2014). From the given case study, it is observed that the chosen elements lead to the formation of a mutually reinforced system facilitating the fundamental progress of the company for a long-term period. The introduction of new approaches or methods cannot solely ensure the progress of organizational commitments, as the interlocking elements associated with corporate culture would eventually take over the identified process to draw back into the existing culture followed by the business (Hayes 2014). II. Scope of Work Based on the suggestion obtained from Armstrong and Taylor (2014), changing the overall culture is a large-scale undertaking for the firms where all the organizational tools come into the play for changing the minds of involving members. In this case, it is important to mention that the basic sequence in which the leaders deploy the activities has a critical impact on the likelihood of success by following the overall initiative (Hrebiniak 2013). Based on the particular situation and citing the evidence put forwarded by Hrebiniak (2013), one of the most successful strategies relies on commencing with leadership tools for achieving productive outcomes. The application of the case study advocates the same situation where the future vision or success story has been identified by the managing director to cement the change in right positions by using the proper management instruments. Hayes (2014) has mentioned that defining the roles of individuals, measuring and controlling the systems, and utilising the authority for coercion and punishment are some of the essential management equipment to counter the failures in the organizational transformation process. Initially, undertaking a cultural change project and forming a program is primarily aimed to realise some values from the identified practices. Such nature is categorised as benefit realisation (Christopher 2016). Based on the course of realising the benefits, the foremost scopes of the project are identified in the following section: The fundamental need to develop a new product or process for creating an artefact The organizational people can be steered to make efficient use of the artefact for delivering the service in the desired way. Developing a service or conducting a project that is entirely market-driven III. Key Objective of Project Based on the case study of Heinz Australia, the previous organizational culture was not productive for organization resulting in loss of required growth and profitability. With the incidence of structural change initiated in the beginning phase of 2003, new managing director was appointed by the company, who come up with some new vision to facilitate the progress of the enterprise. The particular roles played by Widdows was based on eradicating the punitive culture causing high turnover and reduced commitment in relation to the workforce, to build a positive and caring workplace community. The emergence of such community was aimed at seriously welcoming the ideas and contribution of the workforce to win their trust and involvement gradually for establishing a great workplace with the collaborative efforts of each member. Considering the assessment to the identified cultural change, the pertinent objectives are (Jeston and Johan 2014): Establishing an innovative culture by allowing employees to portray their ideas and establishing a principle of change Adopting the best practices with the help of unique and innovative strategies for accomplishing the critical projects successfully Ensuring the development of change leaders by empowering the agents of change Enabling the employees aligned with the objectives of change by identifying their roles and accountabilities for change IV. Implementation Approach and Strategies Based on the identified nature and existing situation of the organization, the entire shift in organizational culture must need to be performed by adopting a superior strategic vision for addressing the construction of the strong foundation, which was missing in the earlier context of operation (Pugh 2016). According to Christopher (2016), Define-Align-Manage framework is one of the preferred approaches for building a strong cultural foundation within the organization that promotes sustainability, speed, and reliability in the performance. Hence, the identified approach is needed to embrace for eradicating the obsolete culture and introducing a robust and collaborative workplace community for satisfying the identified objectives. As part of the approach, the significant strategies are identified in the successive paragraphs with their possible way of implementation. With reference to the statement formed by Christopher (2016), the foremost strategy is known as definition. The implementation of the strategy is based on three stages, such as evaluating the current cultural performance, clarifying the chosen vision, and explaining anticipated values and behaviours of the workplace members. The next strategic phase is known as alignment. The implementation of the strategic approach is also based on three different stages based on recognising the strategic priorities, ensuring the engagement teams to define the SMART objectives, and tracking the key measures (Brinkerhoff, Derick and Brinkerhoff 2015). The last strategic approach is known as management, which also relies on the combination of three steps for its implementation. The three individual steps suggest maintaining appropriate management system within the organization for defining the priorities and associated goals, managing communication and job roles, and ensuring motivation throughout the process (Booth 2015). From the application of the chosen strategies, the successful implementation of the guided steps would lead the organization in overcoming all the hurdles in developing cultural foundations and developing a participatory workforce to achieve mutual goals. The same scenario can be observed through the case study that the appropriate strategies are embedded in the specific initiative defined by Peter, Widdows. V. Overview of a Timeline Anticipated Timeline for the Proposed Project (Source: Hrebiniak 2013) Evaluation The evaluation of the proposed cultural change had brought some tangible results for Heinz Australia, which can be majorly observed by an immediate increase in profit-making capacity of the firm from closing period of 2003 until the end of 2004. The enhancement in profitability had significantly led the firm to achieve highest growth it had experienced in the years of its operations. The growth and success of profitability position are largely influenced by the success rate of new products launched during the year and richly committed workforce to achieve the common goal. The most promising result of the cultural change within the corporate environment has caused winning of trust and responsiveness among the employees by addressing their interpersonal needs and requirements. Underlying Change Management Concepts Whether undertaking a small change comprising of one or two processes, or a system-wide change of an organization, the organizational leaders or managers could commonly experience the uneasy feelings, as they can be intimidated by the scale of challenge (Hill et al. 2014). There are multiple models and theories defined by various scholars and academicians. However, the change management model introduced by John Kottler in his book published in 1995 has provided a broad range of implications to the system-wide perspectives of an organization. The model is based on eight steps, which can be related to the practices followed by Heinz Australia. The first stage is known as create urgency suggesting the emergence of a situation forcing the whole company to adopt an effective change protocol for overcoming the presently identified challenges. The standstill position of the organization before 2002 was highly suggesting the need of the change management activities practiced. The second stag e is known as forming a powerful coalition by convincing the people about the necessity of change. The particular step is also observed in Heinz during the time of winning trust and confidence of its existing employees regarding the right effects of change. The third stage is clearing the vision for a change, which includes floating of great ideas and solutions during the commencement of implementing the change (Oakland 2014). In case of Heinz, the newly appointed managing director has felt the need of elevating the profitability and growth of business to avoid the company standing still in the same position. The fourth stage is based on communicating the vision to check if the newly defined vision has the capability to address the success factors. The organizational leader measures the same situation in the form of reduced turnover rate and progressing towards the development of a great place to work (Highsmith 2013). The fifth stage is known as removing obstacles for developing a certain position in the organization ensuring the utilisation of all levels of the organization. As a result, the workforce of Heinz had become increasingly committed to the organization through the incorporation of adequate staff monitoring facility highlighting the culture of mutual trust and respect to form a great workplace (Sallis 2014). The sixth stage is based on developing a short-term goal by concerning specifically on the success factors offering rising level of motivation to the workforce. As part of the stage, the managing director has separated multiple short-term factors for the achievement of success. The seventh stage is based on building on change focusing on the long-term achievements of change. Because of holding the identified vision of constructing a great working environment, the particular change can be detained to reflect positive results on companys economic condition. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Limitations As part of the corporate transformation process followed in Heinz Australia, all changes are performed as indicated by the change management strategy where the overall process had to comply with the strategic objectives of the overall business. Concerning the suggestion obtained from Ward and Peppard (2016), trust, openness, and challenging status quo are the underlying ingredients for creating and maintaining an innovative culture. However, both strengths and limitations are also present and determined during the assessment of case study. Considering the area of strength, firstly, the changing attitude and behaviour as part of the new culture are treated newly obtained aptitude for the company. Secondly, the shift in culture has ensured the openness and transparency in the workplace philosophy to instil cultural norms supporting the superior level of understanding of the necessary knowledge and behaviour for a given situation (Leach 2014). Lastly, loyalty and commitment are other imperative strength of the organization due to the improved sense of responsibilities among the employees resulting in the lower attrition rate. Lastly, limitations can be observed regarding the limitedness of sustaining the positive and innovative environment due to the constantly changing needs and requirements of the dynamic environment caused by the globalisation (Chang 2016). Another significant limitation can be observed in the area of complacency, where the managers of the company might get complacent after achieving the target set of goals. References Armstrong, Michael, and Stephen Taylor.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2014. Booth, Simon A.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge, 2015. Brinkerhoff, Derick W., and Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff. "Public sector management reform in developing countries: Perspectives beyond NPM orthodoxy."Public Administration and Development35, no. 4 (2015): 222-237. Chang, James F.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press, 2016. Christopher, Martin.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed, 2016. Hayes, John.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Highsmith, Jim.Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-Wesley, 2013. Hill, Charles WL, Gareth R. Jones, and Melissa A. Schilling.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning, 2014. Hrebiniak, Lawrence G.Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press, 2013. Jeston, John, and Johan Nelis.Business process management. Routledge, 2014. Leach, Lawrence P.Critical chain project management. Artech House, 2014. Oakland, John S.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge, 2014. Pugh, Lyndon.Change management in information services. Routledge, 2016. Sallis, Edward.Total quality management in education. Routledge, 2014. Senge, Peter M.The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business, 2014. Ward, John, and Joe Peppard.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons, 2016.

The Catcher In The Rye Essay Paper Example For Students

The Catcher In The Rye Essay Paper Holdens JourneyAs we pass through this life it is our duty to discover our destiny. Some of us go to college and become Doctors, Lawyers, Architects. Others of us cherish the finer things in life and find our places on farms and Dude Ranches. The point is, every living creature has a place in this world and we are ultimately steered in its direction. Holden Caulfields voyage began when his brother died of Leukemia. Holden was emotionally destroyed by the loss of not only his brother, but his best friend also. The fact that his parents couldnt accept Holdens pain and that they even sent him to a shrink for it, proved to Holden that his parents didnt care as much as they were supposed to. As Holden grew up, he found himself flunking out of school after school, never being able to stay in one place. This calamity was caused by either his overwhelmingly powerful hatred for people or because there was a conflict of interest between him and the school itself, about who they were trying to make him. Holden was also starting to view people as who they really were. Many of us in this world accept people at face value and never really take the time to see through the infinite masks that make up a personality, or a first impression. Holden however, took the time to understand who a person really was, and how fake they really were being. This changed his life enormously, as it would anybodys, because as soon as he could understand how much of a phony a person was being and who they truly were, he didnt have to feel inferior, scared or cast out by that person. I think these views of life could have actually been caused by his brothers death. I think that when his brother died, his parents might have become phonies themselves. You must understand that when a parent loses one of their own creations they feel as if they have lost a part of themselves and cannot strive to go on. I think many parents find it easier to conceal their feelings inside of themselves, thus becoming wh at Holden could view as a phony. He didnt understand why his parents had to bottle it all up (which he thinks is wrong) and why he was almost punished for expressing his feelings freely (which he feels is the right thing to do). I believe that this is what led him to hate phonies and people in general. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher In The Rye Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As Holden reaches the eighteenth year of his life, he flunks out of yet another school. This time it is Pency prep, an all boys school with a top of the line PR. No matter how educationally advanced people think Pency is, Holden knows its no better than any other school. He hates the school and he hates most of the people in it, and when he leaves, he knows twenty years from now he wont regret it. Holden becomes a traveler among the streets; he searches for a place in the world and is depressed when he cannot find one. But his place slowly comes to him one day on a lowly street corner. Holden Caulfield sees a very young boy walking along the curb singing The Catcher in the Rye, and as the sad song flows into his ears, his destiny becomes apparent. Holden sees himself spending his life in a gigantic rye field full of thousands of kids, he watches over those children and if they start to fall off the cliff hidden at the edge of the rye, he would catch them and save them. The Catcher in the Rye is a complex and intriguing analogy for life itself, the rye being life and the kids are, well, kids. They arent to the stage yet where they have to worry about things and they have an unbelievable future ahead of them. But if they lost someone or something that they built their world around, or if something happened that changed their life dramatically, then they would fall off the cliff hidden within the rye. Once they fell off that cliff, they would quit trying to make their future the best possible and ultimately end up in the same position as Holden. Thats why he must save them. Holden thinks that all you need to have to become successful is a responsibility, not a nice car or an office job, just a life and a responsibility. Some people think that this is crazy, but I have to agree with Holden. I would much rather live my life in a small cottage tucked away in the forest, without the burden of worrying about what the worlds doing. College, a job, the things that seem t o make life pleasurable but only destroy you in the end wouldnt matter to me. It is a life that people stuck in high school will never be able to live. Holdens escape gave him the opportunity to live this life, but his destiny caught up with him, he must fulfill his responsibility first. .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .postImageUrl , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:hover , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:visited , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:active { border:0!important; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:active , .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4d45459b9212d1592467d78bab94fc2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Recycling EssayHolden carries out his responsibility to the world when he visits his sister Phoebe. She finds out he is leaving and because she loves him so much (the way Holden loved his brother) she wants to come with him. When he refuses to let her come she decides that she will quit school and leave home, she decides to quit trying. Holden discovers that his sister is going over the cliff hidden in the rye, like Holden did when his brother died. It dawns on him that he must save his sister before she becomes someone like him, someone that has quit trying. Holden takes her to the carousel and convinces her that he does love her and that she will never lose him, he gives her what his brother never gave him, the assurance of everlasting love. The power of that promise kept Phoebe from going over that cliff in the rye. If someone sees Holden as one that never accomplished anything, then they are terribly wrong. Holdens ability to see through the shrouds and barriers that people build around themselves, and the concept of life being about responsibility and not about houses, money or popularity; are accomplishments that only the best of people can make. Holden Caulfields life should never be shunned from society like it has been in the past, instead it should be taught to teenagers in hopes that they will make the correct decisions about life, and that they will find their responsibility also.

REVISION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING

REVISION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING Introduction Gambling involves three things the stakes, the prizes and the result. The stakes include things of value that are placed by the parties involved. The prize is the valuable thing that participants opt to win after betting. The result is the outcome of the event that determines who wins and who loses (Fabiansson, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Revision of Problem Gambling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any activity involving the three aspects is gambling. Some examples of gambling events betting such as horse races or sporting events; playing casino games for money; buying lottery tickets; participation in prize-draws and newspaper competitions (Collins, 2003, p. 15). How gambling has evolved Over the past century and a half, gambling has evolved from being a furtive back-street activity to a multimillion-pound gambling industry (Parsons Webster, 2000). Governments of many nations are using legalized gambling as a source of revenue, and the citizens have accepted it as a source of entertainment (Stitt, 2001). Unlike in the olden days where a gambling event was organized once in a while, and people had to wait for the next events, today, the activity has been on for 24 hours with instant results and people do not have to wait for too long (Bourie Curtis, 2006). Gambling is prominent in today’s society. It entertains, but can also have a disastrous effect on a person’s life (Thompson, 2001, p. 437). Relevance of the topic According to the BBC (2011, para 1), the amount of betting has increased to levels last seen in the late 1990s. Nowadays, there are many problem gamblers, and the British society is in danger of being de-sensitised to the problems that gambling can bring (BBC, 2011, para 16). Experts at the National Centre drew a research by the British Gambling Prevalence Survey in 2007 for Social Research (NCSR). It was found that there was an incremen t in the number of people gambling within the UK. The number of people betting for the last report increased from 63% to 73% between 2006 and 2007 respectively. In their comments to the survey authors, the majority claimed that they were gambling for fun. Others said that they were doing it to try out their chances of winning big money (Spapens, Littler Fijnaut, 2008, p. 37).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was noted that people in the UK were gambling in different ways. However, few of them engaged in online gaming. The majority, almost 60% of adults within the UK participated in the National lottery. Nevertheless, it was noted that football gambling reduced considerably. It reduced from 9 to 4 percent in the first decade of the second millennium (Fabiansson, 2010). The reasoning behind the researchers’ decision to focus on the social and financial factors of gambling within the UK is because of the significant increase in gambling-related problems within Britain. In order to know whether gamblers had a problem, the statisticians used two different and complex measures to measure them. They surveyed for several behaviours of gamblers wanting to recover their stakes back (chasing losses). In many cases, the gamblers found themselves being exploited (Berleur, 2010, p. 19). The casinos fall into the leisure activities and most casino venues are business oriented. The venues tend to provide restaurant services, great music, and classy bars. In contrast to being an entertaining game for many people, gambling has negative impacts to people especially on their finances. Some individuals suffer from a gambling addiction, which can ruin their financial and personal lives (Wardle, 2007, p. 17). Negative impacts on today’s society (both psychological and financial) Gambling is conducted in various places such as casinos, Internet and elec tronic machines among many other places. Since the time of its innovation, gambling has never had chances of being easily accessed and ever available (Rule Sibanyoni, 2000, p. 21). As has been noted, gambling can lead to a serious addiction problem. It can lead to financial instability of an individual. Once the problem gambling strikes into a person’s life, it takes control over his or her life. It affects their home life, work environment, performance and their parenthood (in this case, being good parents). People affected with problem gambling find themselves under pressure that may force them into sourcing money through illegal means (Volberg, 2001, p. 121). Aims of the dissertation The aim of the dissertation is to examine the premise of this theory on the youth generation using Leeds and its gambling market (casinos) as its focus. ObjectivesAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Revision of Problem Gambling specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More To describe and analyse the negative effects gambling has on individuals in Leeds. To evaluate the importance of problem gambling and its different forms. To analyse its impact on a sufferer’s social and personal life. To establish the relationship between a gambler and his preferred casino, to determine what motivates them to go, what drives them to stay and gamble continuously? Literature review Notably, gambling may be described as â€Å"a conscious, deliberate effort to stake valuables, usually but not always currency, on how some event happens to turn out (Jazaeri and Bin-Habil, 2012, para 4). Many people view gambling as a way of risking money in order to make money. However, people who have won the valuable stakes do not stop playing, and those who have lost do not stop gambling. The youths in the society are also victims of gambling as they engage in gambling activities more than any other addictive activity such as smoking or alcohol drinking. This is a cause for concern keeping in mind that the youths are the future of the society (Allen, 2011and Wildman, 1997). According to the research done by Derevensky in 2012, it was noted that there are various reasons as to why the youths engage themselves in gambling. The majority of them did it for enjoyment and others engaged in gambling to make money. Others indulged in gambling for excitement, relations and to hide from daily problems. Still, others engaged in gambling as a social activity and to have a feeling of being mature (Derevensky, 2012, p. 76). Notably, many people do not want to be associated with gambling because they feel that it is associated with the loss of the trust, lying, and loss of money among other bad behaviours (Thompson, 2001). However, there are circumstances that force them into gambling. For example, gambling can occur on a continuum with many individuals not engaging in the act at all. In additions, there are those individuals, wh o gamble once in a while, or those engaging in the activity many times and experiencing minimum negative financial or social consequences (Meyer, 2008). Impact of problem gambling on social personal life Gamblers who gamble frequently with valuable stakes and cannot even stick to their pre-set limits of time and the stakes may find themselves with severe problems (Derevensky, 2012 p. 31-32).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The gambling related problems impact on individuals in different ways. Some of them may lose control once. This may spell their fate because of their episodic and short-lived control loss. To others, losing control may be a progressive disorder. In this case, it becomes habitual or addictive in a way that no matter how hard the victims try to get themselves out of gambling activities. This becomes problematic, and the victims always go back to gamble. The gambling disorder has been given many names such as pathological gambling, problem gambling, compulsive gambling, or disordered gambling (Doweiko, 2009). When individuals get addicted to gambling, they cause many problems to themselves including emotional, familial, psychological, interpersonal, financial and legal problems (Grant Potenza, 2004, p. 4). Since many people are exposed to gambling, knowing that it is about taking risks and controls, they get attracted into trying their luck. The losers tend to keep on trying while app reciating that the activity is a game (Cunningham, 2011). In the process, both winners and losers blindly find themselves so much into the game that it gets hard for them to quit. They become addicts of gambling (Bledsoe, 2004, p. 86). In most cases, the youths are the most affected by the gambling activity (Fabiansson, 2010). According to research by Derevensky in 2012, it is evident that the adolescents get exposure to gambling early before they start experimenting with cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, drug use, or engaging in sexual activities. A research by Griffiths and Sutherland in 1998 discovered that many youths between the age of 11 years and 16 years engaged themselves in gambling at least once a week; they often smoked cigarettes; got drunk with alcohol regularly and took illegal drugs. Through the psychological perspective, one can handle matters that are related to emotions (Orford, Sproston, Erens, White and Michtell, 2003). For example, in that situation, emotion al control could be more important than financial gains in understanding gamblers (Beilstein, 1979, p. 305). Gambling can be correlated with other addictive activities such as the use of tobacco, drug abuse, and taking alcohol (Sirgy, 2012, p. 38). People often assume the addictive behaviours and take them as prototypical moments of behaviours that are not truly self controlled and lacking self governance (Wengler, 2006, p. 127). Pathological gamblers invest a lot into the gambling activity. In this case, they put their personal relationships, occupational status and financial stability at risk. Such people are difficult to handle. Regardless of the increase of family and financial distress, they continue to gamble. Here, gambling controls them since it is difficult for them to control their urges to gamble (Fortune Goodie, 2009). The pathological gamblers tend to gamble with valuable stakes or high amounts of money in order to satisfy their urges for entertainment and pleasure. Th eir tendency or behaviour of putting gambling in the forefront other than thinking of their personal, occupational, and financial well-being is what makes them great risk takers (Galski, 1987, p. 39). Problem gambling affects or rather impacts the social life of people in a negative manner. The social impacts of problem gambling include the mental health problems, suicide, family or relationship problems, cases of divorce, and vulnerability of generations to come into excessive gambling (Ciarrocchi, 2001). Research studies indicate that problem gambling is on the increase. This is due to the increasing number of people presenting themselves for treatment for problem gambling. It can also be attributed to many divorces that are associated with problem gambling. In addition, the youths are getting involved in gambling at an early age more than they get involved in other addictive activities (Galski, 1987). There have numerous incidences where the youths have been reported to have comm itted suicide due to gambling. The suicidal cases occur as a result of losing huge amounts that are beyond the loose tolerance. When the loss is too much to bear, some problem gamblers who are most probably the youths, commit suicide since the world becomes useless to them after a great loss. That is why some of the youth problem gamblers developmental problems due to confusions that are instrumented by gambling (Nicholas, 1986). Problem gambling makes people suffer because of the need to gamble and the obsessive behaviour. Firstly, such victims of gambling have difficulties in maintaining their personal health (Gerstein et al 1999). Another problem is related to career responsibility. According to the research, many individuals may become jobless, and those who are fortunate to remain in the workplace perform poorly in production due to reporting to the workplace late than required. In this case, they fail to attend to jobs (absenteeism) and get preoccupied with gambling (Dickerson , 1984, p. 38; Ladouceur et al 1994). Problem gambling is of importance when it comes to gauging reliability of things such as in predicting behaviours or population discrimination behaviours. However, it is in most cases associated with negative impacts. In gambling the terms problem gamblers, pathological, or compulsive gamblers are used interchangeably. They are used to define a condition whose characteristics includes a loss of control over gambling, serious disruptions of families and jobs, theft cases and losses or attempts to win back stakes (money) that have been lost while in the gamble (Oei Gordon 2008). Prof Orford (BBC, 2012) noted that those addicted no longer regarded gambling in its sense of winning. He asserted By the time people get compulsive about their gambling, theyre not enjoying it. Theyre torn in two. Theyre dependent on it and getting something psychological from it, but they know its ruining their life in certain ways (BBC, 2012, para 17). Psychological fa ctors of gambling The examples of the psychological factors of gambling include personality features such as dysfunctional and functional impulsivity; poor mechanisms to cope with stress; impaired processing of rewards and the mechanisms of defence such as  feeling guilty and shameful, which drive the ongoing addiction. Dysfunctional impulsivity is associated with a poor response to treatment and not treatment completion. It is most likely that individuals with dysfunctional impulsive will drop out of treatment and report back to problem gambling more than those individuals with functional impulsive. The factor of poor mechanism to deal with stress also affects or rather leads to gambling (Dickerson, 1984, p. 38). Addiction to gambling is not necessarily caused by addiction of money. Most of them do it to escape from stress, painful pasts, seek arousal among other reasons. They gamble to avoid painful emotions, for example; sadness, depression, guilt, shame, and humiliation among others (Ladouceur et al 1994). Therefore, in such a case, the problem gambler will be stressed. Thus, it is most likely that he or she will end up in gambling activities thinking that it is the best way to deal with the stress. This is due to a poor mechanism of dealing with the stress. The factor of impaired processing of rewards and mechanisms of defence such as the guilt and shame that one feels makes a problem gambler to continue with their addiction (Ciarrocchi, 2001). This factor tries to explain that the problem gambler continues with the addictive thinking that it is the best solution. However, in the real sense, this is like burying himself deep to the extent that turning to normal life becomes impossible (Oei Gordon 2008). The theories of people’s emotions or feeling while gambling includes the sensational or arousal theory, the opponent-process theory, and the reversal theory. The sensational theory explains that the need for excitement is a trait that is biologic al, and this is different from one individual to another. Since gambling is known to be an addictive behaviour, the gamblers will do their best in order to meet their needs (Chapman, 2007). This will be achieved after the reinforcement of their emotional relief. The theory of opponent process explains that arousal from opponent A is automatically counteracted by that of B or C. The theory further explains that, with repetition, the response of A will grow weaker in the process while that of B will be stronger and long-lasting. This shows that high-stake gamblers are motivated by opponents, and that is why the pathological gamblers enjoy this theory. The reversal theory shows that different individuals need either to be stimulated or tranquillised, and these guys behave in ways that direct them to that state (Oei Gordon 2008). Casino gambling can be more fun and profitable as well to people or players’ mental and physical health. They are associated with dangers such as cheat ing among gamblers, machine malfunctions, and criminality among many others (Crowder, 2006). Cases of arrests due to cheating and other criminality are common in casinos. For example, people get arrested because of manipulating EGMs. The cheating gamblers and the gambling operators take advantage of each other. In this case, as the gamblers try to cheat the operators, they in return can also try to scam the gamblers. These people may end up shooting each other. This is exactly what happens in most cases when they conflict with each other. The casino environment is well planned to take people’s money. In this case, the casinos have no windows or clocks to distract the patrons from gambling. This makes the gamblers forget their schedules and continue playing till their pockets are empty. In addition, there are only pictures of winners and not losers, which adorn the atrium walls, there are scantily dressed cocktail waitresses, free alcoholic beverages among other attractions. T hey operate on a 24-hour basis, which adds to the owners’ advantages.The environment is very attractive, and that is why people develop problem gambling at the shortest time possible (Crowder, 2006). There are flashing lights, whistles and bells. Their advertisements and slogans are set in a way that the gambler will not be much concerned about the amount they lose. In this case, they gamblers do not notice when their pockets are running out. The Cognitive model of gambling asserts the activity emanates from illogical beliefs. Those addicted to gambling have illogical beliefs that they stand a high chance of winning. They do not value the amount they spend but instead overestimate the amount they will gain in the gamble (Georgakopoulos, 2005). Reference List Allen, WD 2011, Criminals and victims], Stanford, California, Stanford Economics and Finance, an imprint of Stanford University Press. Andrews, R Haythornthwaite, CA 2007, The Sage handbook of e-learning research. SAGE, London. BBC 2011, Gambling problems on the increase in Britain. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12465204 BBC 2012, Gambling addict tells of fight to save family life. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20181353 Beilstein, FK 1979, Beilsteins Handbuch der organischen Chemie. 5. Bd. 3. Tl. 4. Ergänzungswerk, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Berleur, J 2010, What kind of information society governance, virtuality, surveillance, sustainability, resilience; proceedings, Springer, Berlin. Bledsoe, B 2004, the battle of the binge: book and workbook, Bledsoe and Bledsoe Pub. Spartanburg, SC. Bourie, S Curtis, A 2006, American casino guide, Dania, Casino Vacations, Fla. Ciarrocchi, JW 2001, Counseling Problem Gamblers: A Self-Regulation Manual for Individual and Family Therapy, Elsevier, Burlington. Collins, P 2003, Gambling and the public interest, Praeger, Westport, Conn. [u.a.] Crowder, J, E,2006, Casino gambling: For fun and profitOutskirts Press, Inc, Denver, Colo. Crowder, JE 2006, Casino gambling: For fun and profit, Outskirts Press, Inc. Denver, Colo. Cunningham, D 2011, Psychiatric tales: Eleven graphic stories about mental illness. Bloomsbury, New York. Cushman, G 2005, free time and leisure participation. International perspectives, CABI, Wallingford. Derevensky, JL 2012, teen gambling: understanding a growing epidemic, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Md. Dickerson, MG 1984, Compulsive gamblers, Longman, London. Doweiko, HE 2009, Concepts of chemical dependency. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA. Fabiansson, C 2010, Pathways to excessive gambling: A societal perspective on youth and adult gambling pursuits, Farnham, Surrey, Ashgate, England. Galski, T 1987, The Handbook of pathological gambling, C.C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., USA. Georgakopoulos, N, L, 2005, Principles and methods of law and economics: Basic tools for normative reasoning Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Grant, JE Potenza, MN 2004, and Pathological gambling: a clinical guide to treatment. American P sychiatric Pub. Washington, D.C. Great Britain 2012, The Gambling Act 2005; a bet worth taking? : First report of session 2012-13. Vol. 1, Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, Stationery Office, London. Great Britain Great Britain, 2012, The Gambling Act 2005: A bet worth taking? : First report of session 2012-13, Stationery Office, London. Jazaeri, SA and Bin-Habil, MH 2012, Reviewing Two Types of Addiction – Pathological Gambling and Substance Use, Indian J Psychol Med., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 5-11. Lee, RM 1993, Doing research on sensitive topics. Sage Publications, London. Meyer, G 2008, Problem gambling in Europe, Springer, Berlin. Nicholas, K, 1986, The social effects of unemployment in Teesside. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Reilly, RF Schweihs, RP 1999, valuing intangible assets, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY [u.a.]. Rule, SP Sibanyoni, C 2000, the social impact of gambling in South Africa: an initial assessment for the National Gamb ling Board, HSRC, [Pretoria]. Saroyan, W 1975, the human comedy, Faber and Faber, London. Sirgy, MJ 2012, the psychology of quality of life hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia, Springer, Dordrecht. Spapens, AC, Littler, A Fijnaut, C 2008, Crime, addiction and the regulation of gambling, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden. Thompson, WN 2001, Gambling in America: An encyclopedia of history, issues, and society, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara Calif, u.a. Volberg, RA 2001, when the chips are down: problem gambling in America, Century Foundation Press, New York. Wardle, H 2007, British gambling prevalence survey 2007, TSO, Norwich. Wengler, S 2006, Key account management in business-to-business markets an assessment of its economic value, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Wildman, RW 1997, Gambling: An attempt at Integration, Wynne Resources, Inc. Publisher; National Academies Press, Edmonton.

10 Things You Dont Know About Fat

10 Things You Dont Know About Fat Along with proteins and carbohydrates, fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy for the body. Fat not only serves a metabolic function but also plays a structural role in the building of cell membranes. Fat is found primarily beneath the skin and is essential for maintaining healthy skin. Fat also helps to cushion and protect organs, as well as insulate the body against heat loss. While some types of fat are not healthy, others are required for good health. Discover some interesting facts you may not know about fat. 1. Fats Are Lipids but Not All Lipids Are Fats Lipids are a diverse group of biological compounds characterized generally by their insolubility in water. Major lipid groups include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Fats, also called triglycerides, are composed of three fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are called fats, while triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are called oils. 2. There Are Billions of Fat Cells in the Body While our genes determine the number of fat cells we are born with, newborns typically have around 5 billion fat cells. For healthy adults with normal body composition, this number ranges from 25-30 billion. Overweight adults on average can have around 80 billion fat cells and obese adults can have as many as 300 billion fat cells. 3. Whether You Eat a Low-Fat Diet or High-Fat Diet, the Percentage of Calories From Dietary Fat Consumed Is Not Linked to Disease As it relates to developing cardiovascular disease and stroke, it is the type of fat you eat not the percentage of calories from the fat that increases your risk. Saturated fats and trans fats raise LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in your blood. In addition to raising LDL (bad cholesterol), trans fats also lower HDL (good cholesterol), thus increasing the risk of developing disease. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats lower LDL levels and reduce the risk of  disease. 4. Fat Tissue Is Composed of Adipocytes Fat tissue (adipose tissue) is composed mainly of adipocytes. Adipocytes are fat cells that contain droplets of stored fat. These cells swell or shrink depending on whether fat is being stored or used. Other types of cells that comprise adipose tissue include fibroblasts, macrophages, nerves, and endothelial cells. 5. Fat Tissue Can Be White, Brown, or Beige White adipose tissue stores fat as energy and helps to insulate the body, while brown adipose burns fat and generates heat. Beige adipose is genetically different from both brown and white adipose, but burns calories to release energy like brown adipose. Both brown and beige fat get their color from the abundance of blood vessels and the presence of iron-containing mitochondria throughout the tissue. 6. Fat Tissue Produces Hormones That Protect Against Obesity Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by generating hormones that influence metabolic activity. A major function of adipose cells is to produce the hormone adiponectin, which controls fat metabolism and increases the bodys sensitivity to insulin. Adiponectin helps to increase energy use in muscles without affecting appetite, to reduce body weight, and to protect against obesity. 7. Fat Cell Numbers Remain Constant in Adulthood Studies have revealed that the numbers of fat cells in adults remain constant overall. This is true regardless of whether you are lean or obese, or whether you lose or gain weight. Fat cells swell when you gain fat and shrink when you lose fat. The number of fat cells an individual has in adulthood is set during adolescence. 8. Fat Helps Vitamin Absorption Certain vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble and can not be properly digested without fat. Fats help these vitamins to be absorbed in the upper portion of the small intestines. 9. Fat Cells Have a 10 Year Lifespan On average, fat cells live for about 10 years before they die and are replaced. The rate at which fat is stored and removed from adipose tissue is about one and a half years for an adult with normal weight. The fat storage and removal rates balance out so that there is no net increase in fat. For an obese person, the fat removal rate decreases and the storage rate increases. The fat storage and removal rate for an obese person is two years. 10. Women Have a Higher Percentage of Body Fat Than Men Women have a greater percentage of body fat than men. Women need more body fat to maintain menstruation and also to prepare for pregnancy. A pregnant woman must store enough energy for herself and for her developing child. According to the American Council on Exercise, average women have between 25-31% body fat, while average men have between 18-24% body fat. Sources Fat turnover in obese slower than average. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Published 2011 September 25. (https://www.llnl.gov/news/fat-turnover-obese-slower-average)What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? The American Council on Exercise. Published 2009 December 2. (acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of/)Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O, Blomqvist L, Hoffstedt J, Nslund E, Britton T, et al. Nature. 2008 Jun 5; 453(7196):783-7. Epub 2008 May 4.

Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication Assignment

Leadership, Teambuilding and Communication - Assignment Example In this theory, shows that some people have better leadership traits than others. He concludes that there are those people who are born to lead while others were born to be led. Behavioral approach is one other form of traditional leadership style, in this leadership theory, there are three leadership styles that are distinct from each other. Their styles include; authoritarian leadership whereby, the leader maintains strong control over the group at work. In this form of leadership, motivation is by coercion, and there is no free communication between the leader and the staff. Communication comes from the leader only, and the workers are there to follow. In this kind of leadership, there is high productivity but with low self-motivation and autonomy by the workers. Democratic approach is another form of leadership style that is friendlier to the subordinate staff. In the case here, there is free communication from both the staff and the leadership. Decision-making involves everybody in the organization, and the staff seen as a whole and not as a leader. Therefore, it gives room for constructive criticism and autonomy among the employees in the organization. Lastly, there is laissez-faire leadership style, where there is little or no control from the leader (Murphy, 2005). The kind of leadership is so much of the essence in situations with poorly defined problems that need brainstorming to come over the problems. There are a number of leadership theories that include, transformational, cite suggested that leaders have the abilities to groom their followers into better leaders in the future. The grooming is achieved successfully by letting followers have the freedom to control their behaviors.  

Capital budgeting decision is whether to lease or buy an asset Essay

Capital budgeting decision is whether to lease or buy an asset - Essay Example It is very important to study all capital investments options that are available with the firm because of the long-term consequences. The simplest example of a capital budgeting decision is to decide if a firm should buy an asset or lease the same. Buying the asset will result in capital investments while leasing will lead to operational outflow. Capital budgeting methods In order to evaluate the capital budgeting options available with it, a firm can use many of the following ways: Net Present Value: Net present value is the cash the firm will need today as a substitute of making the investment of purchasing the asset (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, 2004). If the NPV is positive, this means that the firm will get that cash amount equal to the NPV. The calculation of the net present value takes into account the time value of money along with the cash flow associated with the project throughout the lifetime. A project should be pursued if the net present value is positive. Internal rate of return: This is the discount rate that makes the Net Present Value of a project zero. If the IRR of purchasing the asset is greater than the discount rate, the asset should be brought. Otherwise, the asset should be leased. ... Profitability index: The profitability index ratio is an indication of the cost associated with the project viz-a-viz the initial investment made. The ratio can be calculated as: Accounting rate of return: Accounting rate of return is the rate of return that is generated from the proposed capital investment. Each method has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. While NPV calculation is based on too many assumptions including that of the future cash flows as well as the return on equity. The calculation is also based on the premise that the cash flows generated are invested back at the discounted rate which is not a realistic assumption. The internal rate of return calculation assumes that the returns from the project are re-invested in the project. However, this might not be true in most of the cases. In addition, if the project has multiple positive and negative cash flows, it may have several IRRs. As a result of this, firms shall use modified internal rate of return (MIRR), which is the discount rate that makes the investment equal to the future value of the cash flows from investment (Kierulff, 2008). The actual method used for capital budgeting decisions differ from firm to firm depending upon the size of the firm, the rate of growth of firm and leverage of firm amongst others. Graham and Harvey (2000) in their paper â€Å"The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field† indicate that net present value and internal rate of return are the most popular methods used for capital budgeting decision methods. They also concluded that there is no dependence of the method used on the growth rate for firms with smaller debt ratios. Large firms are more frequent user of NPV as compared to smaller firms. Public companies are more likely to

Degree Plan Essay Essay Example for Free

Degree Plan Essay Essay For the last sixteen years I have been working as a professional. In my current professional environment I have found that advancement is limited without some type of degree on your resume. In speaking with my colleagues I have heard many good things about the degree programs offered by ESC CDL. Prior to this application I have participated in two non matriculated classes to both familiarize myself with the online style and to gauge if I was ready to attend college. I have chosen to continue with ESC due to the extreme ease of the online course structure and the willingness of the faculty to assist in any way. I have worked very hard over the last sixteen years to achieve the success that I have obtained. I started my career as a production operator and have excelled at every position I have held. Through my work I have attained the current position of Manager. I am currently in charge of a maintenance department with sixteen direct reports and have also been given the responsibility of a six million dollar budget. With these added responsibilities comes the need to further educate myself to stay relevant and up-to-date. My ambition is to become an Operations Manager which controls all facets of a manufacturing facility. This will not be possible without continued education. This would first require more management skills and a good understanding of how business works. This is the driving force for me to join the college ranks and earn first, an Associates Degree and second, hopefully, a Bachelors Degree. My skill set has been mostly geared toward the technical aspects of my field of choice (maintenance). I have only earned a high school diploma along with many trade certificates and trainings. I have always been one that learns quickly and adapts to change very well. My personal time for the last ten years has been spent developing the minds and nurturing my two wonderful sons whom are now nine and eight. They have become the driving force behind my community involvement which has included coaching their soccer and baseball teams. I have found this to be the most rewarding and special moments in my life. I have found it to be an important step in my development as a man. All of this has brought me to the conclusion that continuing my learning would be most beneficial not only for myself, but will help in showing my sons how important a real education is. Thank you for the opportunity and I look forward to any and all feed back received through this communication.

Iconography :: Essays Papers

Iconography Iconography, in art history, the study of subject matter in art. The meaning of works of art is often conveyed by the specific objects or figures that the artist chooses to portray; the purpose of iconography is to identify, classify, and explain these objects. Iconography is particularly important in the study of religious and allegorical painting, where many of the objects that are pictured—crosses, skulls, books, or candles, for example—have special significance, which is often obscure or symbolic. The use of iconographic symbols in art began as early as 3000 BC, when the Neolithic civilizations of the Middle East used nonhuman or animal figures to represent their gods. Thus, the Egyptian mother goddess Hathor was associated with the cow and usually appeared in relief sculpture and wall paintings as a cow-headed woman. The sun god Ra had a hawk's head, and the creator Ptah appeared as a bull. In ancient Greece and Rome, each of the gods was associated with specific objects. Zeus (Jupiter), the father of the gods, was often accompanied by an eagle or a thunderbolt; Apollo, the god of art, by a lyre; Artemis (Diana), the hunter, by a bow and quiver. In addition, the Romans perfected the use of secular allegorical symbols. For example, a woman surrounded by bunches of grapes and sheaves of wheat would be readily understood as a representation of the bounties of the earth. Early Christian art during the period of Roman persecution was highly circumspect, and innocuous objects—the fish and the dove—were used to symbolize Christ and the Holy Spirit. Later Christian art, however, became replete with iconographic symbols. In particular, many of the saints became associated with specific objects—Saint Peter with two keys, for instance, or Saint Catherine with a broken wheel. During the Renaissance and through the 18th century, allegorical paintings were especially popular, as artists constructed elaborate symbolic schemes to illustrate such themes as the vanity of human existence.

Existentialism in Waiting for Godot Essay

Existentialism is a philosophy that repudiates the idea of religion or any ‘supreme’ being bringing meaning to life, and advocates the idea that individuals are instrumental in finding a purpose to life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hence in Samuel Becket’s existentialist play Waiting For Godot, he puts forth an idea that all of humanity is wasting their lives in inaction- waiting for the salvation of a deity, when that divine being may or may not even exist. As inferred from the phrase â€Å"existence precedes essence†, there is no pre-existent spirituality or soul; no god, Christian or otherwise; no cosmic compassion for human life; no salvation in heaven and damnation in hell; neither preset destiny nor inevitable fate; and nor is there the transcendence of our worldly existence. Everyone must bear the responsibility for their own existence, since it is not predetermined or shaped by any external force; a subsequent anxiety is one of the aspects of human nature. Nevertheless, the burdens of anxiety and responsibility are often too heavy to bear, and we often seek to shift them on certain individuals, institutions, religions, or even on a ‘Godot’. Existentialism manifests itself in Waiting for Godot through its motifs of despair, absurdity, alienation, and boredom. One of the most prevalent themes is that of loneliness as a consequence of godlessness. In a blank futile universe devoid of purpose, design or care – represented by the featureless Beckettian landscape, human beings are alone, and condemned to be free. Afraid of this isolation Estragon and Vladimir cling together despite their quarrels, and Pozzo and Lucky do not untie themselves. This futility leads to another characteristic of existentialism: despair. Since there is no preset will, Existentialism preaches the individual freedom of choice. Estragon and Vladimir have made the choice of waiting, without any instruction as Vladimir says that Godot â€Å"didn’t say for sure he’d come†. Yet they wait to know exactly how they stand. The boredom of waiting prompts them to ponder over their identity, as inactivity leads the individual to think. Estragon remarks: â€Å"We always find something, eh Didi, to give us the impression that we exist? It is learnt that man needs a rational basis for existence but fails to find one, making his life no better than a wasted passion. The two tramps, Estragon and Vladimir vainly attempt to put order in their lives by waiting for Godot who never arrives, and reiterate that â€Å"Nothing is to be done. † This inaction further questions their very entities, and Estragon anxiously doubts: â€Å"Where do we come in? † Whenever Estragon and Vladimir make a decision, the stage directions dictate that â€Å"They do not move. † and continue to show passivity. Therefore, even their resolution to go is not strong enough to produce action. Many times Estragon says â€Å"Let’s go†, but Vladimir always reminds him that they can’t as they are â€Å"waiting for Godot. †This inability to act renders Vladimir and Estragon unable to determine their own fates. Instead of acting, they can only wait for someone or something to act upon them- referring to the existentialist argument of man’s desperate need to establish his own purpose and meaning to life. Furthermore, Vladimir and Estragon ponder suicide by hanging themselves from the tree, but once again their anxiety stops them, as the latter remarks: â€Å"Don’t let’s do anything. It’s safer. † Kierkegaard’s notion of ‘Dread’ or ‘Angst’ includes ideas of existentialism which talk about a state in which the individual’s freedom of choice places him in a state of anxiety, as he is surrounded by almost infinite possibilities. This could explain the inactivity of both the tramps. They are aware of the different choices they can make but are hesitant, just as they decide to leave at the end of the act but remain motionless. Thus, the end of act 1 firmly asserts the characters’ hopelessness. Beckett infers that people pass time with habits to cope with the existentialist dilemma of the dread or anxiety of their existence. Estragon and Vladimir idly pass their time to escape the pain of waiting and even thinking. Vladimir expresses this idea at the end of the play: â€Å"Habit is a great deadener. † All the events narrated through the course of the play – the Crucifixion story, the suicide plan, playing talk – seem nothing more than silly pastimes. Once during the Pozzo-Lucky encounter, the tramps behave as if they are in a theatre; Vladimir even asks Estragon to keep his seat while going off to the urinal at â€Å"The end of the corridor, on the left. † Pozzo and Lucky’s coming can also well be interpreted as an act to entertain Vladimir and Estragon; a way in which Becket questions whether life itself is just a mere source of entertainment to pass the time while waiting for salvation. However, the distractions end sometime or the other, leaving them again with their futile inaction: â€Å"The essential doesn’t change. † This once again echoes the existentialist theory that life will end in nothingness as it has begun, reducing all of man’s achievements and accomplishments to nothing. Time has little significance in this futile lifecycle. The past often becomes misty to Estragon as he often asks questions like â€Å"What did we do yesterday? † He does not remember Pozzo and Lucky and even the place in Act Two, and shortly, Pozzo fails to recognize the tramps (Estragon and Vladimir) too. The mysterious boy returns with the same message; Godot never comes and tomorrow never seems to arrive. Vladimir, therefore, is right to say that â€Å"time has stopped. † Estragon conveys the horror of this uneventful repetitive existence in â€Å"Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful! â€Å".

Environment Analysis Essay

Organizations analyze the environment in order to understand the external forces so that it could help to develop effective responses to secure or improve their positions in the future. There existed a positive relation between environmental analysis and profits of an organization. Top management looked at information in two ways: viewing and searching information. This information needed to be evaluated and disseminated to strategists within the organization and to help top management to make decisions that could create strategic advantage for the organization to succeed in a changing environment 1. There were research evidences that showed that environmental analysis was linked with improved organizational performance. Hence, it remained insufficient to assure performance, without aligning information with strategy. The main debate in strategy and environment was concerned with the primary importance of the environmental analysis in strategy formulation and implementation. 84 Reserve Bank of India The Reserve Bank of India is fully owned by the Government of India. Initially it was viewed to bring the greater coordination of the monetary, economic, and financial policies. During fifties objectives of Reserve Bank of India underwent changes. It was recognized that Reserve Bank of India needs to take on direct and much more active role, in developing machinery for financial development in order to ensure flow of finance in the country. Reserve Bank emerged as a regulatory and a growth promoting institution. In the beginning limited to the agricultural sector, the Bank later covered small-scale industries as well. The affairs of Reserve Bank of India are governed by the central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India according to the Reserve Bank of India Act. The preface of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as: â€Å"to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage† 2. The Reserve Bank? s freedom may be viewed broadly to the areas like management including personnel matters, financial aspects, and to conduct polices. Managerial freedom refers to the procedures for appointment, term of office and dismissal procedures of top central bank officials and the governing board. It also includes the extent and nature of representation of the Government in the governing body of the central bank. 85 Financial freedom relates to the freedom to decide the extent of Government expenditures directly or indirectly financed by the central bank? s credits. Finally, policy freedom is related to the flexibility given in the formulation and execution of monetary policy, under a given authorization. Reserve Bank of India has over the years been responding to changing economic circumstances. The Reserve Bank of India performs the function of financial supervisor under the guidance of Board for Financial Supervision. This board undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising of Commercial Banks, Financial Institutions, and Non-Banking Finance Companies. The key functions played by this board were restructuring of the system of Bank, introduction of off-site scrutiny, strengthening the role of legislative auditors, and strengthening the internal defences of supervised institutions. Currently this board focus on supervision of financial institutions and legal issues in Banks. Reserve Bank of India acts as a guard for Commercial Banks. Commercial Banks are required to keep a certain proportion of cash reserves with the Reserve Bank and Bank provide them various facilities like advancing loans, underwriting securities etc. Reserve Bank of India controls the volume of reserves of Commercial Banks and thereby determines the deposits and credit creating ability of the Banks. Whenever Commercial Banks need funds they get it from the Reserve Bank of India. Apart from playing the role of Banker to the Banks, Reserve Bank of India also play promotional role. The aim is to establish and assist the establishments of a number of financial intuitions for filling up of various financial institutional gaps in the rural and semi-urban areas. 86 Other roles played by Reserve Bank of India are: Reserve Bank stabilizes the external value of the national currency. The Reserve Bank keeps gold and foreign currencies and manages foreign currency in accordance with the controls imposed by the government. Reserve Bank of India facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India. Reserve Bank has taken the responsibility of meeting directly or indirectly all legitimate demands of Commercial Banks under emergency conditions and to a certain extent Reserve Bank influence the credit policy of Scheduled Banks. The Reserve Bank has instrument of control in the form of the bank rate, which it publishes from time to time 3. A list of the Reserve Bank of India Committees from 1990- 2008 was prepared to get an impression about developments with respect to Banking Industry (Appendix- III). The recommendations resulted into remarkable changes in products and policies of Banking Organizations. Indian Bank’s Association (IBA) Indian Bank? s Association is a leading service organization of Banking Industry in India. It aims to integrate Banking and finance system catering to all financial requirements of customer? s. It was formed in 1946 with 22 members. Today Indian Bank? s Association has more than 159 members comprising of Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks (having offices in India), and Urban Co-operative Banks. 87 The main objectives of Indian Bank? Association are: promoting and developing sound and progressive Banking principles and practices in order to assist Banks to develop and implement new ideas and innovative Banking services, operations and procedures; organizing co-ordination and co-operation on procedural, legal, technical, administrative or professional problems and practices of Banks ; circulating statistical data, informati on, views and opinions on the Banking System; conducting Management Development Programs for Banks; promoting education and knowledge of the law and practices of Banking Industry; to help in projecting good public image of Banking Industry ; and to promote harmonious relationships by devising ways and means for involving Banking personnel? in the growth and development of Banking Industry. Indian Bank? s Association tries to achieve excellent service quality and customer care through its focused efforts to make each customers experience a pleasant one. Towards this end Indian Bank? s Association stressed on to build staff potential by each Bank to address customer challenges and asked Banks to design a performance management system, which focuses on rewarding the staff for delivering flawless customer service. In 2000, Indian Bank? s Association reviewed the charters of different Banks and brought out a „Model Citizen Charter? explaining to the customer? s what they could expe ct from the Bank? s as a matter of right. Apart from this Indian Bank? s Association brought „bankers fair practices? in 2004 which was adopted by all Banks voluntarily. It also came out with „fair practice code for credit card operation? and „model code for collection of dues and repossession of security? with special concern to customer? s voice about Banking practices 4. 88 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance in India governs the entire fiscal system of the Government of India. The three departments headed by the Ministry of Finance in India include: economic affairs, expenditure, and revenue. Thus, it mainly centralizes around the economic and financial issues pertaining in India. Ministry of Finance Government of India, Banking Division is managing Government policies related to the working of Banks and the term lending to financial institutions. This Division is headed by Secretary (Banking and Insurance) and operates through three subdivisions: Industrial Finance; Banking Operations; and Banking and Insurance. Each subdivision is headed by a Joint Secretary. The Banking Operations sub-division deals with legislative proposals described to Banks, non-banking financial companies, and other related matters like appointments of Chief Executives and Government nominee Directors and non-official directors on the boards of Public Sector Banks. In addition policy matters relating to Private Banks, Foreign Banks, and improvement of customer? service in Banks and redressal of customers grievances are also dealt with this Banking Operations sub-division of Ministry of Finance. This sub-division also deals with vigilance matters and appoints Chief Vigilance Officers (C VO? s) in the Public Sector Banks to enable the Public Sector Banks to meet the credit requirements for the productive sectors of the economy in proportion to the economic growth of the country. The Government is committed to infuse capital funds in Public Sector Banks as well 5. 89 Nature of Banking Industry Bank? s safeguard money and valuables and provide loans, credit, and payment services, such as checking accounts, money-orders, and cashier? s checks. Banks also offer investment and insurance products which they were once prohibited. There exists variety of models for cooperation and integration among finance industries some of these traditional distinctions between Banks, Insurance Companies, and Securities Firms has diminished. In spite of these changes, Banks continued to maintain and perform their primary role of accepting deposits and lending funds from these deposits. Banks securely save the money of depositors, provide checking services, and lend the funds raised from depositors to consumers. Bank? s today are in a wide range of sizes, from large Global Banks to Regional and Community Banks. These Global Banks are involved in international lending and foreign currency trading, in addition to the more typical Banking services. Working Environment Employee? in a typical branch work weekdays, whereas in few Banks sometimes Banks were opened until late evenings or were open on Saturday morning? s and in few even on Sundays. Supervisory and managerial employee? s, usually work substantially longer hours. Some B anks are expanding the working hours in their branches which are located at non- 90 traditional locations, such as shopping malls, which remain open on most evenings and weekends. Branch office jobs, particularly front-end positions, required continuous communication with customers. Some employees needed to work for longer hours in a confined space. Loan officers might need to travel to meet clients, or work evenings for their clients. Loan officers also check loan applications, and solicit new business for Banks. Financial Service Sales Representatives might also have to visit clients in the evenings and on weekends to go through the client? s financial needs. To improve customer service and provide greater access to Bank personnel? s, Banks have staffed Customer Service Representatives. The remaining Bank employees, working at the headquarters or other administrative offices usually worked in comfortable surroundings and worked for a standard workweek. In general, Banks are considered relatively safer place to work with respect to injuries and illness. Banks also encourage higher education and training for their employee? as Banks require creative and talented people to compete in the market place so as to reach to more number of customers. The basic premise here is to Study the relevant data and derive some information related to the Strategic Environment pertaining to Indian Banking Industry, which may be used in due course in a broader context if not in specific context. Environmental factors influencing Banking Industry are: 91 Economic Factors Indian economy has registered impressive growth of over 9 percent for successive three financial years and experienced restraint in 2008-09. This restraint was caused due to the downturn in the global economy. The year 2008-09 was the most deficient year after 1972. To fight against this slowdown Government of India and Reserve Bank of India took many fiscal as well as monetary actions. It was expected that Indian economy could again register a robust growth rate in the year 2009-10. As per the revised estimates released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Indian economy grew by 7. 6 percent in 2008-09 and 9. 3 percent growth in the 2007-08 6. Banks lending to industries, personal loans and service sectors witnessed a slow down while, Banks lending to agriculture and allied activities moved upward during 2008-09. The income as well as the expenditures of Scheduled Commercial Banks viewed a slow down leading to decrease in the net profit. The Return on Assets (ROA) as an indicator of efficiency with which Banks deployed their assets remained to 1 percent in 2009. The Return on Equity (ROE) as an indicator of efficiency with which the Banks used capital increased to 13. 2 percent in 2009 from 12. 5 percent in 2008, indicating increased efficiency with which Banks used capital 7. 92 Growth of income of Scheduled Commercial Banks during 2008-09 decelerated to 25. 7 percent from 34. 3 in 2007-08, but was higher than the growth rate of 24. 4 percent in 200607. Expenditure of Scheduled Commercial Banks was 24. 1 percent in 2006-07, which increased to 33. 9 percent in 2007-08 and again decelerated to 26 percent in 2008-09. The operating profit of Scheduled Commercial Banks increased sharply by 33. percent during 2008-09 from 26. 8 percent in 2007-08 and 21. 3 percent in 2006-07 (Table II. 1). The net profit of Scheduled Commercial Banks also showed a significant increase of 36. 9 percent during 2007-08 as compared to 26. 9 p ercent in 2006-07, but it decelerated to 23. 5 percent during 2008-09(Table II. 1) TABLE II. 1 VARIATION IN INCOME-EXPENDITURE OF SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL BANKS 2006-07 Income Expenses Operating Profit Net Profit 24. 4 24. 1 21. 3 26. 9 2007-08 34. 3 33. 9 26. 8 36. 9 2008-09 25. 7 26. 0 33. 2 23. 5 Source: Reports on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 8, 9 The Bank Group-wise analysis is presented in Table II. 2. Even though the achievements of technological changes in Banking Industry in India were impressive but there is a need to take greater advantages from new technologies and information based system to maximize the coverage. Pricewaterhouse Coopers report 18 suggested that Banks should take up automation that would be a combination of centralized networks, operations and a Core Banking applications that included Business Intelligence (BI), Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) that catered to operational and analytical business needs. The multi-channel Banking has acquired further dimensions to include third party payments such as utility bills through different channels including Automated Teller Machines and mobile banking. Bank? internal groups examined the issues, relating to rural credit and micro-finance opportunities in the sector with several possible options like smart card-based kisan credit cards, smart card solutions for self-help groups, Automated Teller Machines with local language and voice facility and call-center amenities with added services given by various Banks. Introduction of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) for providing credit to farmers had increased in the number a multi-fold since its inception in the late 1990? s and the total percentage share of these cards reached above forty percent 19. 97 Banks had transformed themselves into Universal Banks by adding new channels with lucrative pricing. Recent innovations in the form of total quality management, reengineering work processes, flexible systems have only one thing in common serving the customers well through improved operational efficiency. Consolidation in the Banking Industry followed by technological up-gradation acted as a key factor to boost the international competitiveness of the Indian Bank? s. Adapting technology had brought down the cost of transactions visibly and at the same time aided in business continuity. A Study mentioned that the cost per transaction through a branch was Rs. 66, cost per transaction ; through Automated Teller Machines was Rs. 22, and cost per transaction through internet was Rs. 0, ignoring the extreme variations owing to the investment cost and nature of transactions 20. This low cost benefit was opted by Commercial Banks as it helped them to reach to poor people, particularly those working in the rural areas and those who earn and spend cash. In order to handle their cash transactio ns Banks formulated two types of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). People could either use Automated Teller Machines that could accept, store or dispense cash or they could use a biometric device, which were mobile in nature. Infrastructure in India, has improved resulting into widespread use of Automated Teller Machines facility in villages as well. These machines consisted of additional features that included fingerprint use as a mean of authentication with a view that rural people were more comfortable with fingerprints than plastic cards. 98 The wide geographical coverage to access Banking related products and services with the help of mobile phone technology and the use of internet for banking transactions has gained superior usage. These modes of transactions required a safe and secure environment and provide a variety of options available for customers with different requirements. The numbers of mobile phone subscribers in India were about 261 million (March 2008). Towards this end, Reserve Bank of India issued guidelines for mobile banking transactions. Initially Banks offered the facility to their customers subject to a daily cap of Rs. 5,000 per customer for fund transfer and Rs. 10,000 per customer for transactions involving purchase of goods or services 21. Usage of internet banking in India is mainly dominated, by Private and Foreign Banks. Still, the number of individuals utilizing internet services has increased considerably. In 2006, about 12 percent of the 38. 5 million internet users in India used online banking and the figure for online banking increased to 16 million in 2007-08 22 . The average cost of servicing a customer through internet banking is the tenth of the services extended through a branch. Thus, there is a direct contribution to the profitability for a Bank and therefore, internet banking became a potential low cost alternative 23 . From customer? s viewpoint, internet banking is highly convenient as it help to avoid branch queues and makes customer free from depending on the inconsistent quality of services at the branch, which varied from person to person at the service desk. Internet Banking allowed customers to operate their accounts at their convenient hours instead of being dependent on the Banks working hours. Moreover, internet banking permitted customers to transact on a 24Ãâ€"7 basis from any part of the world. 99 Therefore, internet banking delivery channel has the potential to contribute directly towards the nation? prosperity as it allowed more people to join the Banking stream without adding cost and it is tremendously convenient to customers. Reserve Bank of India started measures to create multi-lingual links on its website for thirteen Indian language s on all matters concerning Banking in June 2007 24. In the recent years, the use of electronic payments has witnessed manifold increase reflecting increased adoption of technology. The electronic payment systems comprised of the large value payment systems like Real Time Gross Settlements (RTGS), National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) and card based payment systems. The growth of volume of transactions directed through electronic payment has decelerated from 41. 4 percent in 2007-08 to 24. 8 percent in 2008-0925. The numbers and usage of Automated Teller Machines had gone up substantially during the last few years. Automated Teller Machines were primarily used for cash withdrawal and balance enquiry. In 2008-09, the total number of Automated Teller Machines installed by the Banks grew by 25. 4 percent. Automated Teller Machines of State Bank of India group registered a sharp growth of 34. 5 percent. While the Automated Teller Machines installed by new Private Sector Banks and Foreign Banks was 3 times of their respective branches 26, 27 . In March 2008, the population per automated teller machines in India was more than 29,500 as against the range of 1,000-9,500 in some of the other emerging market economies 28, 29 . In June 2009, Reserve Bank of India permitted Scheduled Commercial Banks to install off-site Automated Teller Machines at places identified by them, without any need to take permission from the Reserve Bank of India. Cash withdrawal from Automated Teller Machines of the Bank? s was made free of charges, April 2009 onwards. This made Automated Teller Machines more popular among customers. 100 Banks had deployed Information Technology solutions to facilitate automation in transaction management, reporting and risk management. Most of the Banks across the segments had already implemented Core Banking Systems. In the 2007, 85. 6 percent and in the 2008, 93. 7 percent Public Sector Banks were fully computerised 30, 31 . Other rograms such as internet based transactions, self-service kiosks, mobile banking were either underway or planned in near future by Public Sector Banks. Foreign Sector Banks and old and new Private Sector Banks in India, had progressed well in the areas of technology up-gradation i n operations. Technology up-gradation helped to introduce new products and services to enable Banks to improve the quality of service and value added services. Overall, Indian Banks score well with respect to technological adaption and the three key characteristic contributing towards the effective use of information technology in Banking Industry were: ? Factor Cost Advantage- information technology related labour costs in India remained cheaper as compared to other countries; ? Distribution Strategy- Indian Banks adopted a unique business model, acquiring customers rapidly with minimal technological investments; and ? Information Technology Governance- Indian Banks emphasized on information technology governance with the strong in-house Information Technology Division and a Chief Information Officer (CIO) directly reporting to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in most cases. 101 It is information that made the Banking Industry stable. The pressure of competition and the need to improve productivity has generated a need for better information. In order to manage Banking operations to meet the needs of managers operating at tactical and strategic level and to improve their quality of decisions and policymaking processes within the Banks. Banks needed to set up an efficient and comprehensive Management Information System (MIS) without which asset and liability management and risk management were not possible. However, adoption of technology by Banks provided them competitive advantage in their operations but at the same time Banks became dependent on outsourcing for most of their technological applications. Therefore, Banks needed to employ caution to put in place mechanisms for vendor management. As an insecure system, could expose Banks towards serious operational regulatory and reputational risks. Banks have taken measures to safeguard the risk factors, emerging due to the use of technology. Towards this end, the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) helped Banks to bring in technology and enabled them to work in secured environment while operating Real Time Gross Settlements System, Centralised Fund Management System (CFMS), corporate e-mail, and internet banking. It also acted as a „certifying authority? for the Banking Sector in India by issuing Digital Certificates 32 . Still there exists need to ensure much more accountable systems with regard to online payments with uniform standards all over the world. 102 Social Factors Before nationalization of the Banks, their control was in the hands of the private parties and only big business houses and the effluent sections of the society gained benefits from the Banking in India. Thus, adoption of the social development model in the Banking Sector was necessary for speedy economic progress consistent with social justice in democratic political system. Bankers were directed to help economically weaker sections of the society and to provide needed finance to all the sectors of the economy with flexible and liberal attitude. India? s demography had undergone transition and the demographic trends 1950 – 2050 studied, illustrates that India? s fertility rate is consistently falling from the peak 5. 91 percent in the first decade after independence to 2. 76 percent today and expected to fall further to 1. 85 percent. Even the death rate also likewise showing consistent decline from its peak 25. 5 in 1950-55 to 8. 5 today and to the lowest of 7. 9 in 2020-2025 33 . This ignifies towards steady number of customers for Banking Sector with longer income in the coming years. Indeed, India would be one of the youngest nations with its median age lying between 25 a nd 30 years over the next 15 years (2010 to 2025) 34. This signified that India would enjoy its prevalence of young age population for almost four decades. Thus, India? s demographic transition needed to be exploited by Banking Sectors viewing it as an opportunity. 103 Increase in the per capita income of the working class population of India, enabled individuals to purchase goods, which were far out of their reach earlier. It also encouraged people to buy goods for their personal use and for their family. Today societies have shifted towards nuclear family, resulting into the growing needs for home consumer durables like washing machine, television, bike, car etc. This showed how we as a society have moved from a socialist society to a consumerist society. Understanding these changes and to use them as an opportunity Banks provided various types of loans to farmers, working women, professionals, education loan to the students, housing loans, and consumer loans. Even customers life style, their behaviour, and consumption patterns have changed which acted as an opportunity as well as a threat for Banking Industry. Deposits showed a subdued growth during this decade. In 2008- 09 personal loans by Commercial Banks was 12. percent with respect to 10. 8 in 2007-08 of which housing loan was 11. 6 percent in 2007-08 and 7. 4 percent in 2008-09 35 . This deceleration was observed in housing loans especially due to economy slow down. Literacy rate in India is low as compared to other developed countries. Illiterate people hesitate to transact with Banks. Therefore, this influenced negatively on Banking Industry. Nevertheless, there exists positive side of this as well that illiterate people trust more on Banks to deposit their money as they do not have market information they do not put money in stocks or mutual funds so they look Bank as their sole and safe alternative. For a common man Banks have emerged as the key players to provide variety of products and services like saving accounts, insurance, remittance and other facilities to the under privileged and the poor in rural, semi-urban and urban areas or socially disadvantage as well as the small and medium enterprise sector . 104 On the other hand Banks deal with big clients or big companies which required personalized banking as these customers do not believe in running and waiting in queues for getting their work done . To these customers bankers provided special provisions and at times benefits like individualised hosting to these types of customers. It was brought to the notice of the Reserve Bank of India that visually challenged persons were facing problem in availing Banking facilities. Reserve Bank of India in June 2008 advised all Banks to ensure that all facilities such as cheque book including third party cheques, Automated Teller Machine facilities (at least one third of new Automated Teller Machine installed with Braille key pads and located strategically), net banking, locker, and credit cards to be provided to visually challenged persons without any discrimination 36. Banks related crimes are rising. These crimes included the typical ones such as Bank robbery, false statement to a Bank in order to obtain loan, false entry in a Banks book, Bank bribery, and Bank fraud. The other new types of crimes have also emerged like accessing to the whole or any part of information technology system without rights. These also included manipulation of Banking system, data alteration, or data destruction to make unauthorized identity theft with reference to Automate Teller Machines. Indian police has initiated by opening of special cyber cells across the country and started educating the personal against these crimes. 105 Political Factors Before 1990, the lack of accountability and lack of profit motive in Nationalized Banks was credited to political interference. After the economic reforms of 1991, the Indian Banking Industry entered into the new horizon of competiveness, efficiency, and productivity. Reserve Bank of India? s control system and its monetary policies acted as a major weapon in India? financial market. However, sometimes looking into the political advantage of a particular party, Government declares some measures for their benefits like short-term agricultural loans to attract farmer? s votes affecting the profits of the Banks. Even according to Banking Banana Skins, survey 2010 political interference was considered as the greatest risk for Banking Industry 37. In the Budget provisions, Finance Minister increased the farm credit target for 2009-10 at Rs. 3, 25,000 crore compared to Rs. 2, 87,000 crore in 2008-09. The Union Budget 200910 extended the debt waiver scheme by six more months for farmers owing more than 2 hectare of land. The Union Budget 2008-09 allowed farmers 25 percent rebate on 75 percent of their overdue repayment within the stipulated period 38 . Government also announced setting up of a task force to examine the issues of debt taken by a large number of farmers in some regions of Maharashtra from private moneylenders who were not covered under the loan waiver scheme 39 . With Government bearing this burden, Banks would not be affected much. As Government assured to help, Banks to clear their most stubborn non-performing assets accounts on Banks Book. In addition, the emphasis on expanding network with Automated Teller Machines, opening of Banking centre in unbanked blocks were some of the positive moves taken by Government. 106 Political interference by the leftist political parties claimed that various regulations with respect to Foreign Banks would benefit only those Banks, which intend to make a quick jump by providing high-profile corporate services, instead of those who wish to intensify their rural operations. Left political parties also cautioned that foreign players could increase their holding size in a particular Bank that would lead to an imbalance of power. Banks under the conventional system of recovery of loans had a considerable amount of money blocked in form of unproductive assets. Hence, to beat this difficulty parliament enacted Recovery of Debts to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 also refereed as Debt Recovery Act. This Act created a separate apparatus in the order of Debt Recovery Tribunals, which were handed over the responsibility of administering disputes pertaining to non-payment of debts. As this legislation was general in nature, another legislature by Parliament was enacted , referred as Securitization Act with an objective to give the Banks, more power over defaulting borrowers 40,41. Unions The post nationalization era in the Banking Industry in India, particularly in the Public Sector, witnessed consolidation of trade unions. All the nine unions had all-India presence in the Banking Industry. Five workers unions and four officers unions represented almost 100 percent of the workforce in the industry and joined hands to form a United Forum of Bank Unions (UFBU). United Forum of Bank Unions comprised of All India Bank Employees Association, (AIBEA), All India Bank Officers Confederation (AIBOC), 107 National Confederation of Bank Employees (NCBE), All India Bank Officers Association (AIBOA), Bank Employees Federation of India (BEFI), Indian National Bank Employees Congress (INBEC), Indian National Bank Officers Congress (INBOC), National Organization of Bank Workers (NOBW) and National Organization of Bank Officers (NOBO) 42. Representatives of unions were encouraged to give suggestions. However, in many cases undue interference of unions in decision-making has adversely affected, leading to the deterioration in discipline, efficiency, and performance effectiveness. With the growing strength of these organizations, the issues relating to employees interests were no longer determined by Bank? s managements alone. The massive introduction of technology into the industry made union policies defensive. Unions focused almost entirely on the immediate consequences of technological change on the workforce, especially the aspect of possible job losses. Employees in Public Sector Banks were repulsive to move from one table to another of the same branch. Now the trade unions seem to be willing to allow mobility for employees within a district as mergers enforced them to move from one state to another. Other issues taken up by unions were like introduction of New Pension scheme and variable pay which were resolved with the help United Forum of Bank Unions. Banks unions are also involved in demanding salary hikes, job losses, disinvestments in Public Sector, and issues related to violation of labour laws, and allocation of funds for schemes for unorganised workers. 108 After attempting, the macro level environmental analysis of Indian Banking Industry a micro functional level Human Resource Environmental Analysis has been attempted with the help of SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), it would help to further develop strategic viewpoint about the industry (Table II. 4). TABLE II. 4 HR SWOT ANALYSIS WITH RESPECT TO INDIAN BANKING INDUSTRY STRENGTHS ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Educated Manpower Higher Compliance Amongst Employees Experienced Employees Training Infrastructure Availability Safe Working Environment Responsiveness to Needful Change Strong Regulatory Institutional Framework ? ? ? ? ? OPPORTUNITIES Liberalization of Banking Sector Preferred Industry for Employment Availability of Multi-specialist staff Technology for Improved Interpersonal and Communication Skills Workforce Diversity WEAKNESSES ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Limited Technology Skills Repetitive Tasks Structure Inadequate Remuneration for Attracting Talent Lacking Career Growth Path Rigid Recruitment Policies Hierarchal Structure Rigid Wage Negotiation Process Leadership Deficit at Senior Level ? ? ? ? ? ? ? THREATS Movement of Skilled and Quality Staff Difficulty in Hiring Highly Qualified Youngsters Trend Towards Downsizing Changing Workforce Demographics High Staff Cost Overheads Changing Employees Expectations Entrenched Trade Unionism 109 Key Concerns for Indian Banking Industry The macro level analysis of Banking Industry and micro level analysis with respect to Human Resource functions helped to identify the key concerns related to the Banking Industry. Competition in Banking Industry is very high as Banks are fighting for same share of customers. There are many Banks and non-financial institutions which gave rise to intensified competition. Amongst these, there existed relatively no differentiation in services and every Bank tried to copy each other? s services and technology which increased the level of competition. Competition from the non-Banking financial sector is increasing rapidly as there are substitutes like mutual funds, stocks (shares), government securities, debentures, gold, and real estate acting as a high threat of substitutes. The continuous deregulation has made the Banking Market extremely competitive with greater autonomy, operational flexibility, decontrolled interest rate, and liberalized norms for foreign exchange. The deregulation of the industry coupled with decontrol in interest rates had led to the entry of a number of players in the Banking Industry 43. Alliances and takeovers had occurred on a transatlantic basis. The market share for financial services that Banks hold had declined, while securities firms, mutual funds, and finance companies has grown 44 . Banking Sector needs to build up a strong and efficient financial system by emphasizing on risk based management. 110 In Banking Sector, customers have high bargaining power due to the presence of very large number of alternatives. Banks together with the specialized financial companies that provide finance to customers are available. Recently it was observed that depositors had withdrawn funds from Private and Foreign Banks and invested their money with Public Sector Banks as the cost of switching from one Bank to another was low and almost all Banks provided undifferentiated services. Today customer? s have more information and better understanding about the market, Banks have to be more competitive and customer friendly to serve them. To retain customer? s and market share, Banks started contemplating on building strong relationship with customers. United Bank of India created a revolution in Banking Industry by opening up a boutique branch in Pune in November 2007, as its priority was to provide services to the high net worth customers. Thus, United Bank also recognized the needs of high net worth individuals different from the other customers. United Bank organized corporate golf tournament for customers, music concerts, and screening of Mani Ratnam directed film „Guru? 45 . Bank? s top management has started carefully evaluating the impacts for their actions. Recently, before cutting jobs in Private and Foreign Banks, Human Resource managers tried to assess reactions beforehand and they came out with certain proactive steps. Banks persistently worked in the interest of the Society. This chapter focussed on the environment analysis which is, undoubtedly, required for strategy formulation, and at the same is relevant as a backdrop for strategy implementation. For instance, the needful Human Resource Practices have to be continuously evolved and implemented against the ever-changing macro and micro environment of the Banking Organizations. 111 REFERENCES 1. Wei, C. C. (2001) Environmental Scanning as Information Seeking and Organizational Learning, Information Research, 7(1). 2. About us retrieved on 26 December 2010. 3. Goyal, O. P. (1979) Financial Institutions and Economic Growth of India, New Delhi: Light and Life Publishers. 4. About Us retrieved on 26 December 2010. 5. retrieved on 28 December 2010. . Reserve Bank of India (2008) Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2007-08, < www. rbi. org> retrieved on 25 December 2009. 7. Reserve Bank of India (2008) Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2007-08, p. 115. 8. Reserve Bank of Ind ia (2008) ibid (7), p. 114. 9. Reserve Bank of India (2009) Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2008-09, p. 125. 10. Reserve Bank of India (2008) ibid (7). 11. Reserve Bank of India (2009) ibid (9). 12. Reserve Bank of India, (2008) ibid. (7), p. 115. 13. Reserve Bank of India, (2009) ibid. (9), p. 125. 14. Chandrasekhar, C. P. (2005) What is Happening to Indian Banking? Frontline, 22(4): 12 – 25. 15. Reserve Bank of India (2008) ibid. (7), p. 116. 16. Reserve Bank of India (2009) ibid. (9), p. 127. 112 17. Reserve Bank of India (2009) ibid. (9), p. 142. 18. PricewaterhouseCoopers Report (2006) retrieved on 25 December 2009. 19. Raju, S. (2010) Financial Inclusion: Enabling Inclusive Growth. The India Economy Review, 7:42-49. 20. Sekar, G. V. Emerging Trends in Technology Adoption by Indian Banks and IT Governance – A Practical Guide, < http://www. cab. org. in/Lists/ Knowledge% 20Bank/ Attachments/43/Emerging%20Trends. pdf> retrieved on 3 June 2008. 21. Reserve Bank of India (2008) ibid. (7), p. 81. 22. Chandrashekaran, N. (2009) CII Banking Tech Summit, < http://www. financial express. com/news/indian-banks-behind-global-peers-in-technologypwc/438064> retrieved on 24 March 2009. 23. Jayawardhena, C. and Foley, P. (2000) Changes in Banking Sector – The Case of Internet Banking in UK. Journal of Internet Research: Networking and Policy, 10(1):19-30. 24. Rao, R. (2000) Banking @ The Speed of Thought, Business India, October 30November 12: 71-108 25. Reserve Bank of India (2009), ibid. (17). 26. Reserve Bank of India (2009) ibid. (9), p. 141. 27. Reserve Bank of India (2009) ibid. (9), p. 261. 28. Reserve Bank of India (2008) ibid. (7), p. 130. 29.